Swadesh List
Source: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists with modifications
| No. | English | IPA | Peng’im | Character |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (vern.) | ua⁵³ | ua2 | 我 |
| 1 | I (lit.) | ŋo⁵³ | ngo2 | 我 |
| 2 | you (sg.) | lɯ⁵³ | le2 | 汝 |
| 3 | he | i³³ | i1 | 伊 |
| 4 | we (incl.) | naŋ⁵³ | nang2 | 俺 |
| 4 | we (excl.) | uaŋ⁵³ | uang2 | 阮 |
| 5 | you (pl.) | niŋ⁵³ | ning2 | 恁 |
| 6 | they (vern.) | i³³ naŋ¹¹ | i1nang7 | 伊儂 |
| 6 | they | tʰa³³ muŋ⁵⁵ | ta1mung5 | 他們 |
| 7 | this (vern.) | tsi²⁵ kai⁵⁵ | zi2gai5 | 只個 |
| 7 | this | tse⁵³ | zê2 | 這 |
| 8 | that (vern.) | hɯ²⁵ kai⁵⁵ | he2gai5 | 許個 |
| 8 | that | na⁵³ | na2 | 那 |
| 9 | here (vern.) | tsi²⁵ ko¹¹ | zi2go7 | 只塊 |
| 9 | here | tse²⁵ lai²⁵ | zê2lai6 | 這裏 |
| 10 | there (vern.) | hɯ²⁵ ko¹¹ | he2go7 | 許塊 |
| 10 | there | na²⁵ lai²⁵ | na2lai6 | 那裏 |
| 11 | who (vern.) | ti¹¹ tiaŋ⁵⁵ | di7diang5 | 哋～、底𫢗 |
| 11 | who (vern.) | ti¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵ | di7nang5 | 哋儂、底儂 |
| 11 | who | sui⁵⁵ | sui5 | 誰 |
| 12 | what (vern.) | miʔ⁵ kai⁵⁵ | mih4gai5 | 乜個 |
| 12 | what (vern.) | si¹¹ miʔ² | si7mih4 | 什乜、是乜 |
| 12 | what | sim³³ moʔ⁵ | sim1moh8 | 什麼 |
| 13 | where (vern.) | ti¹¹ ko¹¹ | di7go7 | 哋塊、底塊 |
| 13 | where | na²⁵ lai²⁵ | na2lai6 | 哪裏 |
| 14 | when | tiaŋ³³ si⁵⁵ | diang1si5 | 唺時、𫢗時 |
| 14 | when | kui³³ si⁵⁵ | gui1si5 | 幾時 |
| 15 | how (vern.) | tso³³ ni⁵⁵ | zo1ni5 | 做呢 |
| 16 | not (vern.) | m²⁵ | m6 | 唔 |
| 16 | not | buk² | bug4 | 不 |
| 17 | all | tsʰuaŋ¹¹ pou6 | cuang5bou6 | 全部 |
| 18 | many | tsoi¹¹ | zoi7 | 濟、㩼 |
| 19 | some | tsek² se³³ | zêg8sê1 | 一些 |
| 19 | some | |||
| 20 | few | tiʔ⁵ kĩã⁵³ | dih4gian2 | 滴囝 |
| 21 | other | pak² kai⁵⁵ | bag8gai5 | 別個 |
| 22 | one | tsek⁵ / ik² | zêg8 / ig4 | 一 |
| 23 | two | no²⁵ / zi²⁵ | no6 / ri6 | 兩、二 |
| 24 | three | sã³³ | san1 | 三 |
| 25 | four | si²¹³ | si3 | 四 |
| 26 | five | ŋou²⁵ | ngou6 | 五 |
| 27 | big | tua¹¹ | dua7 | 大 |
| 28 | long | tɯŋ⁵⁵ | deng5 | 長 |
| 29 | wide | kʰuaŋ³³ | kuang1 | 寬 |
| 30 | thick | kau²⁵ | gao6 | 厚 |
| 31 | heavy | taŋ²⁵ | dang6 | 重 |
| 32 | small | soi²¹³ | soi3 | 細 |
| 33 | short | to⁵³ | do2 | 短 |
| 34 | narrow | oiʔ⁵ | oih8 (vern.) | 狹 |
| 35 | thin | poʔ⁵ | boh8 | 薄 |
| 36 | woman | tsɯ³³ nie⁵⁵ | ze1niê5 | 諸娘、姿娘 |
| 37 | man | ta³³ pou³³ | da1bou1 | 查埔、丈夫 |
| 38 | person | naŋ⁵⁵ | nang5 | 儂、人 |
| 39 | child | nou³³ kĩã⁵³ | nou1gian2 | 孥囝 |
| 40 | wife | bou⁵³ | bhou2 | 𡚸 |
| 41 | husband | aŋ³³ | ang1 | 翁 |
| 41 | husband | ta³³ pou³³ naŋ⁵⁵ | da1bou1nang5 | 丈夫人 |
| 42 | mother | a³³ ma³³ | a1ma1 | 阿媽 |
| 42 | mother | ai³³ | ai1 | 𡟓 |
| 43 | father | pe²⁵ | bê6 | 父 |
| 44 | animal | |||
| 45 | fish | hɯ⁵⁵ | he5 | 魚 |
| 46 | bird | tsiao⁵³ | ziao2 | 鳥 |
| 47 | dog | kau⁵³ | gao2 | 狗 |
| 48 | louse | sak² | sag4 | 虱 |
| 49 | snake | tsua⁵⁵ | zua5 | 蛇 |
| 50 | worm | tʰang⁵⁵ | tang5 | 虫 |
| 51 | tree | tsʰiu¹¹ | ciu7 | 樹 |
| 52 | forest | siem³³ lim⁵⁵ | siêm1lim5 | 森林 |
| 53 | stick | ki³³ tiau⁵⁵ | gi1diao5 | 枝條 |
| 54 | fruit | tsui²⁵ kũẽ⁵³ | zui2guên2 | 水果 |
| 54 | fruit | tsʰẽ³³ kuãĩ⁵³ | cên1guain2 | 生果 |
| 54 | fruit | 果子 | ||
| 55 | seed | tsi⁵³ | zi2 | |
| 56 | leaf | hieʔ⁵ | hiêh8 | 葉 |
| 57 | root | kiŋ³³ | ging1 | 根 |
| 58 | bark | tsʰiu¹¹ pʰue⁵⁵ | ciu7puê5 | 樹皮 |
| 59 | flower | hue³³ | huê1 | 花 |
| 60 | grass | tsʰau⁵³ | cao2 | 草 |
| 61 | rope | soʔ² | soh4 | 索 |
| 62 | skin | pʰue⁵⁵ | puê5 | 皮 |
| 63 | meat | nek⁵ | nêg8 | 肉 |
| 64 | blood | hueʔ² | huêh4 | 血 |
| 65 | bone | kuk² | gug4 | 骨 |
| 66 | fat | |||
| 67 | egg | nɯŋ²⁵ | neng6 | 卵 |
| 68 | horn | kak² | gag4 | 角 |
| 69 | tail | bue⁵³ | bhuê2 | 尾 |
| 70 | feather | |||
| 71 | hair | tʰau¹¹ mo³³ | tao5mo1 | 頭毛 |
| 72 | head | tʰau⁵⁵ | tao5 | 頭 |
| 73 | ear | hĩ²⁵ | hin6 | 耳 |
| 74 | eye | mak⁵ | mag8 | 目 |
| 75 | nose | pʰĩ¹¹ | pin7 | 鼻 |
| 76 | mouth | tsʰui¹¹ | cui7 | 嘴 |
| 77 | teeth | kʰi⁵³ | ki2 | 齒 |
| 77 | teeth | ge⁵⁵ | ghê5 | 牙 |
| 78 | tongue | tsiʔ⁵ | zih8 | 舌 |
| 79 | fingernail | tsõĩ²⁵ kak² | zoin2gag4 | 指甲 |
| 80 | foot | kʰa³³ | ka1 | 跤 |
| 81 | leg | tʰui⁵³ | tui2 | 腿 |
| 82 | knee | kʰa³³ tʰau¹¹ u³³ | ka1tao5u1 | 腳頭窩 |
| 83 | hand | tsʰiu⁵³ | ciu2 | 手 |
| 84 | wing | sik⁵ | sig8 | 翼 |
| 85 | belly | tou⁵³ | dou2 | 肚 |
| 86 | guts | |||
| 87 | neck | am²⁵ | am6 | 頷 |
| 88 | back | ka³³ tsiaʔ² | ga1ziah4 | 胛脊 |
| 89 | breast | |||
| 90 | heart | sim³³ tsaŋ²⁵ | sim1zang6 | 心臟 |
| 91 | liver | kũã³³ | guan1 | 肝 |
| 92 | drink | im⁵³ | im2 | 飲 |
| 93 | eat | tsiaʔ⁵ | ziah8 | 食 |
| 94 | bite | ka²⁵ | ga6 | 咬 |
| 95 | suck | |||
| 96 | spit | pʰui²¹³ | pui3 | 呸 |
| 97 | vomit | au⁵³ | ao2 | 嘔 |
| 98 | blow | tsʰue³³ | cuê1 | 吹 |
| 98 | blow | puŋ⁵⁵ | bung5 | |
| 99 | breathe | tʰau²⁵ kʰui¹¹ | tao2kui7 | |
| 100 | laugh | tsʰie²¹³ | ciê3 | 笑 |
| 101 | see | tʰõĩ⁵³ | toin2 | 睇 |
| 102 | hear | tʰĩã³³ | tian1 | 聽 |
| 103 | know | tsai³³ | zai1 | 知 |
| 103 | know | pʰak⁵ | pag8 | 捌 |
| 104 | think | sĩẽ²⁵ | siên6 | 想 |
| 105 | smell | |||
| 106 | fear | kĩã³³ | gian1 | 驚 |
| 107 | sleep | ĩ²⁵, uk⁵, ĩʔ⁵, ŋʔ⁵ | in6, ug8, inh8, ngh8 | |
| 108 | live | uaʔ⁵ | uah8 | 活 |
| 109 | die | si⁵³ | si2 | 死 |
| 110 | kill | suaʔ² | suah4 | 殺 |
| 110 | kill | tʰai⁵⁵ | tai5 | 刣 |
| 111 | fight | sie³³ pʰaʔ² | siê1pah4 | 相拍 |
| 112 | hunt | liaʔ⁵ | liah8 | 擸 |
| 113 | hit | pʰaʔ² | pah4 | 拍 |
| 114 | cut | kuaʔ² | guah4 | 割 |
| 115 | split | puŋ³³ kʰui³³ | bung1kui1 | 分開 |
| 116 | stab | |||
| 117 | scratch | pe⁵⁵ | bê5 | 扒 |
| 118 | dig | liu⁵³ | liu2 | 窌 |
| 119 | swim | siu⁵⁵ | siu5 | 泅 |
| 120 | fly | pue³³ | buê1 | 飛 |
| 121 | walk | kĩã³³ | gian1 | 行 |
| 122 | come | lai⁵⁵ | lai5 | 來 |
| 123 | lie | |||
| 124 | sit | tso²⁵ | zo6 | 坐 |
| 125 | stand | kʰia²⁵ | kia6 | 企 |
| 126 | turn | hũĩ³³ | huin1 | |
| 127 | fall | ka³³ lauʔ⁵ | ga1laoh8 | |
| 128 | give | kʰoiʔ⁵, kʰek⁵ | koih8, keg8 | 乞 |
| 128 | give | puŋ³³ | bung1 | 分 |
| 128 | give | hou¹¹ | hou7 | |
| 129 | hold | nim²⁵ | nim6 | |
| 129 | hold | kʰaŋ³³ | kang1 | |
| 130 | squeeze | tẽ²⁵ | dên6 | |
| 131 | rub | tsʰiu²¹³ | ciu3 | |
| 132 | wash | sõĩ⁵² | soin2 | 洗 |
| 133 | wipe | tsʰik² | cig4 | 拭 |
| 134 | pull | tui⁵³ | dui2 | |
| 135 | push | leŋ⁵³ | lêng2 | |
| 136 | throw | kak⁵ | gag8 | |
| 137 | tie | pak⁵ | bag8 | 縛 |
| 138 | sew | pʰoŋ⁵⁵ | pong5 | 縫 |
| 138 | sew | tʰĩ¹¹ | tin7 | 紩 |
| 139 | count | siau¹¹ | siao7 | 數 |
| 140 | say | tã²¹³ | dan3 | 呾 |
| 141 | sing | tsʰiaŋ²¹³, tsʰie²¹³ | ciang3, ciê3 | 唱 |
| 142 | play | sɯŋ⁵³ | seng2 | 耍 |
| 143 | float | pʰu⁵⁵ | pu5 | 浮 |
| 144 | flow | lau⁵⁵ | lao5 | 流 |
| 145 | freeze | kek⁵ sɯŋ³³ | gêg4seng1 | 結霜 |
| 145 | freeze | kek⁵ toŋ³³ | gêg4dong1 | 結凍 |
| 146 | swell | tseŋ⁵³ | zêng2 | |
| 147 | sun | tʰai⁵² iaŋ⁵⁵ | tai3iang5 | 太陽 |
| 147 | sun | zik² tʰau⁵⁵ | rig8tao5 | 日頭 |
| 148 | moon | gueʔ² nĩẽ⁵⁵ | ghuêh8niên5 | 月亮 |
| 149 | star | tsʰeŋ³³ | cêng1 | 星 |
| 150 | water | tsui⁵² | zui2 | 水 |
| 151 | rain | hou²⁵ | hou6 | 雨 |
| 152 | river | kʰoi³³ | koi1 | 溪 |
| 153 | lake | ? | ||
| 154 | sea | hai⁵³ | hai2 | 海 |
| 155 | salt | iam⁵⁵ | iam5 | 鹽 |
| 156 | stone | tsioʔ⁵ | zioh8 | 石 |
| 157 | sand | sua³³ | sua1 | 沙 |
| 158 | dust | tʰou¹¹ huŋ⁵³ | tou5hung2 | 土粉 |
| 159 | earth (planet) | ti¹¹ kiu⁵⁵ | di7giu5 | 地球 |
| 160 | cloud | huŋ⁵⁵ | hung5 | 雲 |
| 161 | fog | |||
| 162 | sky | tʰĩ³³ | tin1 | 天 |
| 163 | wind | huaŋ³³ | huang1 | 風 |
| 164 | snow | soʔ² | soh4 | 雪 |
| 165 | ice | pĩã³³ sɯŋ³³ | bian1seng1 | 冰霜 |
| 166 | smoke | ing³³ | ing1 | 煙 |
| 167 | fire | hue⁵³ | huê2 | 火 |
| 168 | ashes | |||
| 169 | burn | sie³³ | siê1 | 燒 |
| 170 | road | lou¹¹ | lou7 | 路 |
| 171 | mountain | sũã³³ | suan1 | 山 |
| 172 | red | aŋ⁵⁵ | ang5 | 紅 |
| 173 | green | lek⁵ | lêg8 | 綠 |
| 173 | green | tsʰẽ³³ | cên1 | 青 |
| 174 | yellow | ɯ̃⁵⁵ / ŋ⁵⁵ | en5 / ng5 | 黃 |
| 175 | white | peʔ⁵ | bêh8 | 白 |
| 176 | black | ou³³ | ou1 | 烏 |
| 177 | night | mẽ⁵⁵ kua¹¹ | mên5gua7 | |
| 178 | day | zik² tau¹¹ | rig8dao7 | |
| 179 | year | ni⁵⁵ | ni5 | 年 |
| 180 | warm | sie³³ | siê1 | 燒 |
| 180 | warm | uŋ³³ uŋ³³ | ung1ung1 | |
| 181 | cold | ŋaŋ⁵⁵ | ngang5 | 寒 |
| 182 | full | tĩ6 | din6 | 滇 |
| 183 | new | siŋ³³ | sing1 | 新 |
| 184 | old | lau²⁵ | lao6 | 老 |
| 185 | old | ku¹¹ | gu7 | 舊 |
| 186 | bad | mo⁵³ | mo2 | 孬 |
| 186 | bad | au²¹³ | ao3 | |
| 187 | rotten | mi⁵⁵ | mi5 | |
| 188 | dirty | tsʰi³³ gi⁵⁵ | ci1ghi5 | |
| 189 | straight | tik⁵ | dig8 | 直 |
| 190 | round | ĩ⁵⁵ | in5 | 圓 |
| 191 | sharp | tsiam³³ | ziam1 | 尖 |
| 192 | dull | |||
| 193 | smooth | kuk⁵ | gug8 | 滑 |
| 194 | wet | tam⁵⁵ | dam5 | 澹 |
| 195 | dry | tã³³ | dan1 | |
| 196 | correct | tieʔ⁵ | diêh8 | 着 |
| 197 | near | kɯŋ²⁵ | geng6 | 近 |
| 198 | far | hɯŋ²⁵ | heng6 | 遠 |
| 199 | right | tsĩã⁵² tsʰiu²⁵ põĩ³³ | zian3ciu2boin1 | 正手爿 |
| 200 | left | to⁵² tsʰiu²⁵ põĩ³³ | do3ciu2boin1 | 倒手爿 |
| 201 | at | to²⁵ | do6 | 在 |
| 202 | in | to²⁵ … lai²⁵ | do6 … lai6 | 在……內 |
| 202 | in | to²⁵ … tõĩ⁵³ | do6 … doin2 | 在……底 |
| 203 | with | kaʔ⁵ | gah8 | 佮、甲、合 |
| 204 | and | kaʔ⁵ | gah8 | 佮、甲、合 |
| 205 | if (vern.) | na³³ si¹¹ | na1si7 | 哪是 |
| 205 | if (lit.) | zu2 kũẽ⁵³ | ru2guên2 | 如果 |
| 206 | because | iŋ³³ ui¹¹ | ing1ui7 | 因為 |
| 207 | name | mĩã⁵⁵ | mian5 | 名 |